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Nicknames aside, the exciting fact is that true broadband internet connectivity–a difficult struggle to achieve in many rural Alaska communities–is finally close to reality. OneWeb is currently the only LEO middle mile provider promising to cover all of Alaska and we’ve made the last frontier our first priority. We intend to show that this entire state, with all its unique and beautiful geography, can truly be connected. With our last launch of 36 satellites on June 1, OneWeb currently has a total of 218 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites in the sky. We can now cover Alaska completely with 24-7 service, and that will happen before September 2021. This modern system works by taking the Internet signal via fiber to a large antenna, called a gateway, which beams it by Ka band radio waves up to a satellite. The satellite then sends it back down to Earth using Ku band radio waves, where it is captured by a small terminal and connected to a modem. In fact, we put one of our gateways in Talkeetna, Alaska at Microcom’s Talkeetna Alaska Teleport. This gateway will be key to connecting Alaskans statewide. At this time, it is the largest OneWeb gateway in the world. No longer will rural Alaska be left behind in the ongoing digital revolution that has improved business, education, and personal life around the world. OneWeb will also play a critical role in helping close Alaska’s ever-growing digital divide. Doing business online will soon be as simple in Naknek as it is in Anchorage. Residents of Sleetmute and Russian Mission will be able to track the meetings of the Alaska Legislature as easily as those in Juneau. Children on the North Slope and the Seward Peninsula will be able to engage in distance learning just as easily as their urban peers. Most recently, the U.S. military recognized the potential for Low Earth Orbit satellite connectivity in the Arctic when it selected OneWeb to demonstrate managed LEO satellite communications services to connect the Arctic region to sites around the globe. This is a major step forward not only for OneWeb, but for Arctic security and the development of a reliable and resilient circumpolar communications network. Since the OneWeb satellite network circulates in Low Earth Orbit, the distance from the satellites to your school, health clinic or business is shorter than most and we will be able to offer data speeds up to 195 Mpbs with less than 100-milliseconds latency. This will enable any customer to conduct data-intensive activities like 4K video streaming and competitive online gaming or even telemedicine appointments and medical procedures. The modern knowledge economy is built on speedy, reliable access to information, and OneWeb’s connectivity will enable new industries to take foot in rural areas of Alaska. As our state’s economic future shifts away from a primarily resource-extraction model, Alaskans will be able to lead this transition with new ways of doing business. Most importantly, OneWeb believes the best way to connect Alaska is to work in partnership with Alaskans. Their integrated space-to-ground team includes both Pacific Dataport, Alaska’s wholesale capacity distributor, and Microcom, owner of the Talkeetna Alaska Teleport and direct-to-consumer provider. Both are trusted Alaskan companies who give OneWeb the ability to offer both wholesale and residential service, making sure that schools, health clinics, businesses and individuals alike can benefit from increased Internet access. OneWeb is committed to connecting all of Alaska. Together we can build dreams, diversify Alaska’s economy and preserve Alaska Native ways of life. Shawn Williams is the VP of Government Affairs and Strategy for Pacific Dataport in Anchorage. He’s a 40-year resident of Alaska and former Assistant Commissioner of Commerce for the State of Alaska. Shawn is a member of the Karuk Tribe of California, earned a BA in Economics at the University of Alaska, Anchorage and an Executive MBA in Strategic Leadership at Alaska Pacific University. Contact him directly at swilliams@pacificdataport.com.

Success! On 2nd March, the OneWeb team demonstrated high-speed, low latency connectivity via its fleet of satellites in Low Earth Orbit.

What’s really happening with OneWeb, Starlink & other Worldwide Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Constellations: As this paper is published, things are moving or “appear” to be moving in the world of low earth orbit internet satellites. In this short piece, we hope to help clear the LEO fog forming in Alaska. When it comes to delivering broadband in Alaska, we don’t necessarily care about who, but more about when, how much, and “are you staying?” STARLINK – When money is no object, you have a large PR staff, and you want to influence regulatory agencies, you start a populist campaign. Starlink is now taking $99 from Alaskans wanting to get in their “better than nothing” test program at some time in 2022. Starlink is primarily focused on direct-to-consumer service in the model of DISH Network and DirecTV. First, let’s discuss a few facts and some educated guesses from what Starlink has publicly released or stated. (1) Starlink does not have legal authority at this point to expand their constellation to serve Alaska. They have applied to the FCC for authority to launch 1240 satellites into orbital inclinations of 70 and 97.6 degrees. They seem to need satellites in both of these inclinations to serve Alaska from Shemya to Utqiaġvik and Ketchikan. Currently they only have temporary authority for the 10 satellites they have currently launched in the 97.6-degree inclination and single gateway for those satellites in Kuparuk. They will need additional gateways in Alaska to serve the state. (2) Starlink launches over the first 18 launches has been 1.2 a month. Each launch normally includes 60 satellites. To complete the orbital inclinations needed for coverage above 50 degrees north latitude will take about 21 more launches. Partial service should be available before then but what partial service means is unclear. (3) Starlink was awarded $880 million from the FCC for providing broadband to unserved households around the United States as part of the Rural Digital Opportunity Fund reverse auction, an auction which excluded households in Alaska. To meet this obligation, Starlink still must launch an additional 2168 satellites in groups of 60 at an inclination around 50 degrees (~36 launches). When will Starlink provide 7x24 service to all of Alaska? It depends on whether they go after the money they can get from the FCC when they are ready to serve the households in the auction or focus on Alaska service. Until they have permission for the 70 degree or 97-degree satellite orbits, any future launches will be for the lower 48 states. At Starlink’s current 1.2 launches per month, it will be 4 years before they are done. Then, they get to start over again as the estimated life of the satellites is 5 years. Starlink’s business model to date is selling direct to customers who self-install their home systems. To serve 40,000 rural Alaska customers will require significant logistic infrastructure. (4) The Starlink user terminal price advertised at $499 is probably highly subsidized and close to the actual OneWeb user terminal price. Estimates have put the Starlink user terminal cost to produce between $1,500 and $2,500 each. ONEWEB – OneWeb is out of bankruptcy and has restarted the gateway in Talkeetna in preparation for initial testing in March with beta testing in April. 24-7 service should be commencing in the fall with the current launch schedule. All of OneWeb’s satellites are in polar orbit and as a benefit, Alaska will be first in the world to get full time service as soon as a little over 200 satellites are in space. OneWeb is primarily an enterprise service, focused on single terminals supporting remote village distribution networks for example. Sites for the initial testing in March have been selected and beta test sites are being solicited by Pacific Dataport. The cost of the OneWeb user terminal does not make it suitable for direct-to-consumer type services, but there will probably be some sales to consumers where a low buy in price is not important. OneWeb has met all legal and regulatory obligations for serving Alaska. They can serve anywhere in Alaska with one single gateway, except for Shemya. OneWeb’s commitment to Alaska must be acknowledged. From their very first business plan, OneWeb made it clear they were going to serve all of Alaska. OneWeb is launching their worldwide service in the state that has the highest amount of unserved and underserved residents. They visited several locations in Alaska and decided to develop the only gateway they’ll need at Microcom’s Talkeetna Alaska Teleport. This central location is perfect and will allow every single OneWeb satellite orbiting over Alaska access to the Internet. Starting this March, OneWeb is launching 36 satellites monthly. Beta testing in Alaska begins in March and by fall, OneWeb will be capable of 24/7 broadband service across Alaska. Preliminary testing showed OneWeb satellites capable of delivering speeds faster than 400 Mbps and average latency of 32ms. It’s worth pointing out that OneWeb is backed by Bharti Global and the UK Government, both fully capable of finishing the OneWeb Network. TELESAT – Telesat recently announced their Lightspeed low earth orbit plans with Thales Alenia Space. Its 298 satellites aimed at worldwide coverage. Telesat is also focusing on the enterprise type market. One interesting point is that any user terminal can communicate directly with any other user terminal making gateways less important. They also intend to make extensive use of optical (read laser) links between satellites so that user terminal can communicate with any other user terminal in the world without accessing a gateway. It is so important to them that they recently received a $30 million grant from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to develop the capability. It would seem to indicate they need more R&D to assure what they plan to do will work. More important is that Telesat still has not raised the capital to build the constellation of satellites. They have a commitment from the government of Canada for about 20% of what they need but that still leaves a long way to go. KUIPER (Amazon) – We can’t say much here as so little is known about their plans or timeline. Like Starlink, money is not an object with this organization. Amazon may be Kuiper’s best customer as they begin providing services to Amazon Web Services (AWS). LEO CHALLENGES IN ALASKA We’ll close our little Alaska review of low earth orbit satellite plans with some comments on problems common to all these operators and their plans. (1) Money. All of these networks require a lot of money before one dollar is earned, $3-12 billion by many estimates. With 60% of the earth’s surface representing oceans, then 60% of the earth doesn’t represent much of a revenue stream except for the occasional airplane or ship. Look at those parts of the earth that have limited ability to pay even $99 a month, and you are left with North America, Europe, parts of Asia (Russia and China are particularly distrustful of systems owned and operated by western powers), and a few other scattered locations. That makes for an interesting business plan. You’d have to share the frequencies you are allowed to use with 3 other operators (4 if you count O3B/M-Power operating between 50N and 50S) and negotiate agreements with 195 countries and hope you are not locked out of the big ones by a competitor or politics. Bankruptcy seems to be a rite of passage for LEO’s, as most LEO service providers to date have faced bankruptcy. (2) These businesses must succeed worldwide and not just Alaska. That is a difficult journey as each country levies different requirements on the business for permission to operate in the country. For true worldwide service you need 195 agreements impacting how the internet data is routed, what it costs, how the common frequencies used by all operators are shared (more on that), and who even gets to operate in the country. (3) All of these networks operate in the electromagnetic spectrum (radio for the uninitiated). There are specific parts of that spectrum (frequencies) allocated to low earth orbit operations internationally by the International Telecommunications Union. With multiple companies wanting to do the same thing, there has to be some framework for allocating the frequencies. That’s where it gets complicated. The ITU uses a first come first served approach meaning the first one to apply for use of frequencies gets priority for use. Everyone else is behind them in the line. However, this in only true over international waters and Antarctica. Any operator that is claiming priority rights to spectrum (OneWeb and Telesat) are only speaking in terms of international waters and Antarctica. Each country can adopt the ITU policy or set their own and the US has decided that the frequencies must be shared equally. That means if two operators want to use Ku band frequencies, each gets to use half. In the U.S., all four networks above; Starlink, OneWeb, Telesat, and Kuiper will be subject to the frequency sharing regime. That’s a big deal no one is talking about or understands how it will work. (4) It is estimated by industry executives that only two or three “free market” competing LEO’s will actually survive full market penetration. In other words, based on the number of potential customers and revenue, there’s only enough business for two or three LEO’s. First mover advantage, innovative discoveries, and large bank accounts will help determine which LEO’s survive. This does not include state-sponsored LEO systems. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-21-34A1.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink https://spacenews.com/spacex-wins-big-share-of-9-2b-rdof-broadband-subsidy/ https://spacenews.com/oneweb-emerges-from-chapter-11-with-new-ceo/ https://www.akbizmag.com/industry/telecom-tech/pacific-dataport-preps-for-oneweb-beta-testing-in-alaska/ https://www.alaskateleport.com/ https://www.telesat.com/press/press-releases/manufacturer-announcement/ https://www.telesat.com/press/press-releases/telesat-u-s-services-awarded-darpa-contract-for-blackjack-track-b-research-development-and-in-orbit-demonstration-with-telesat-leo/ https://www.telesat.com/press/press-releases/telesat-and-the-government-of-canada-finalize-600m-agreement-to-bridge-canadas-digital-divide-with-telesats-low-earth-orbit-satellite-constellation/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Systems https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/space/workshops/2019-SatSymp/Presentations/106%20-%20NGSO%20Large%20Constellations%20FCC-USA.pdf

Over the next 2 years, broadband competition in Alaska will heat up considerably and prices outside Anchorage will fall. Worldwide, it’s also predictable the COVID-19 pandemic will dramatically change the employee/employer relationship. Private sector businesses and public sector employers will enjoy a world market for potential employees and the ability to connect any employee no matter where on earth they’re located. In some cases, one invoice for all employee broadband connections worldwide will be collectively billed and sent to headquarters for payment. Not only will employers enjoy a world market for employees, but also the ability to securely conduct business regardless of location. You’ll will be able to maximum employee efficiency with real-time activity reporting, instantly ordering supplies, managing a supply chain, and utilizing artificial intelligence in decision-making. Employees themselves will live the dream of growing wherever they choose – as long as they’re connected. Throughout 2021 and 2022, the world will see the deployment of several worldwide LEO (low-earth orbit) satellite systems, located approximately 1,200 miles or less from the earth’s surface. Each of these systems cost billions of dollars and take years to launch hundreds, if not thousands, of satellites into orbit. Companies like Telesat (Telesat LEO), mPOWER (O3b), SpaceX (Starlink), Amazon (Kuiper) and OneWeb (OneWeb LEO) are working hard to develop technology, launch satellites and start operating as soon as possible. As usual, Alaska’s location is proving to be a challenge even for these large (future) LEO broadband providers. Only one LEO has overcome those challenges and made a clear commitment to serve every square foot of Alaska – that’s OneWeb. The OneWeb LEO system, a mega-constellation, will cover 100% of the earth’s surface with 648 satellites. These satellites will easily provide high-quality and fast broadband services for school, health clinic, and business applications that use latency-sensitive software and need a fiber-like connection. Low latency is a nice to have as an option, but it comes at a slightly higher price. Pacific Dataport will be launching the Aurora Network exclusively for Alaska. The first of two Aurora GEO HTS (geosynchronous high-throughput satellites) will be launched 2021. These satellites will provide an affordable broadband connection across 100% of Alaska. Most small and medium businesses will find the Aurora GEO HTS satellites perfect for cruising the Internet, online POS & inventory management systems, video conferencing and checking email. The most exciting offering from Pacific Dataport is the GEO HTS/LEO hybrid service. The hybrid option allows a business, health clinic, school or government office to have Internet access utilizing both systems in the most economical way possible. Certain tasks are assigned to the GEO HTS system (for high volume data transfer, streaming and software downloads) and others are assigned to the LEO system (for low-latency benefits). To learn more about the business and enterprise communication options coming soon to Alaska, go to Alaska Broadband Association and sign up to be notified when broadband reaches your community. “Broadband in Alaska” is a short series highlighting broadband deployment in the Last Frontier. About Shawn: Shawn Williams is the Director of Government Affairs at Pacific Dataport. As a 40-year resident of Alaska, he has a background in marketing, economics, and politics in both the public and private sectors. He earned a BA in Economics from the University of Alaska, Anchorage and an EMBA in Strategic Leadership from Alaska Pacific University.